Obstructive Sleep Apnoea in Children: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

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Introduction

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) is a sleep disorder in children characterized by repeated episodes of partial or complete blockage of the upper airway during sleep, leading to disrupted breathing. At RelentCare ENT Centre, we provide specialized care to diagnose and treat OSA in children, ensuring a restful night's sleep and better overall health.

Understanding Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA)

OSA occurs when the muscles in the throat relax too much during sleep, causing a temporary obstruction in the airway. This leads to breathing pauses, often followed by snoring, choking, or gasping as the child tries to breathe. If left untreated, OSA can affect a child's growth, behavior, and quality of life.

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Common Causes of OSA in Children

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Several factors can contribute to the development of OSA, including:

1. Enlarged Tonsils and Adenoids

   • The most common cause of OSA in children is enlarged tonsils and adenoids, which can block the airway during sleep.

2. Obesity

   • Excess weight can contribute to airway obstruction due to increased fatty tissues in the neck and throat.

3. Allergies and Nasal Congestion

   • Conditions like allergic rhinitis can cause swelling in the nasal passages, making it harder for air to flow freely.

4. Craniofacial Abnormalities

   • Structural issues such as a small jaw or cleft palate can narrow the airway and increase the risk of OSA.

5. Neuromuscular Disorders

   • Conditions affecting muscle control may cause difficulty keeping the airway open during sleep.​

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Symptoms of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea

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Children with OSA may exhibit a variety of symptoms, including:

• Snoring: Loud, habitual snoring is a key sign of OSA.

• Pauses in Breathing: Observed gasping, choking, or breath-holding during sleep.

• Restless Sleep: Frequent awakenings or tossing and turning.

• Daytime Sleepiness or Fatigue: Difficulty waking up, drowsiness during the day, or falling asleep at inappropriate times.

• Behavioral Issues: Irritability, hyperactivity, or trouble concentrating.

• Bedwetting: Increased incidence of bedwetting in children who have previously been dry at night.

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Potential Complications of Untreated OSA

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If left untreated, OSA can lead to serious complications, including:

• Growth Delays: Poor sleep can affect growth hormone secretion.

• Behavioral and Learning Problems: Daytime fatigue can lead to difficulties in school.

• Cardiovascular Issues: OSA can increase the risk of developing high blood pressure or heart problems.

Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea

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At RelentCare ENT Centre, we use various diagnostic methods to confirm OSA in children:

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1. Comprehensive Medical History and Symptom Evaluation

   • Our specialists will assess your child’s sleep patterns, snoring habits, and daytime behavior.

2. Physical Examination

   • Checking for signs of enlarged tonsils, adenoids, or nasal obstructions.

3. Sleep Study (Polysomnography)

   • An overnight sleep study to monitor breathing patterns, oxygen levels, and other vital signs during sleep.

4. Imaging Tests (X-rays or CT Scans)

   • If needed, imaging studies can help evaluate the size of the adenoids, tonsils, or any structural abnormalities.

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Treatment Options for Obstructive Sleep Apnoea

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Treatment at RelentCare ENT Centre is tailored to each child's specific condition and may include:

1. Medical Management

   • Nasal Steroids: For children with nasal congestion or mild OSA due to allergies.

   • Weight Management: A healthy diet and exercise plan for children who are overweight.

2. Surgical Treatments

   • Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy: Removing enlarged tonsils and adenoids is often the first line of treatment for children with moderate to severe OSA.

   • Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP): For children who do not improve with surgery, a CPAP machine may be recommended to keep the airway open during sleep.

   • Other Surgeries: In cases of craniofacial abnormalities, corrective surgery may be required.

3. Allergy Management

   • For children whose OSA is linked to allergies, we offer allergy testing and appropriate treatments to reduce symptoms.​

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Why Choose RelentCare ENT Centre?

Located in Kolazhy, Thrissur, Kerala, RelentCare ENT Centre is dedicated to providing comprehensive care for pediatric sleep disorders. Our team includes:

• ENT Specialists: Dr. Salison Salim, Dr. Vidya Ramdas

• Allergy Specialist and Pulmonologist: Dr. Aiswarya Thambi

With their expertise, we ensure that your child receives individualized, compassionate care for OSA and related conditions, helping them achieve better sleep and improved health.

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